Geyre Attractions
Western Anatolia (Mentese highland)
Village: Geyre (3km/2mi northwest)
The ruins of ancient Aphrodisias lie 82km/51mi southwest of Denizli, where the heavily wooded southern foothills of Ak Dag border on the broad valley of the Kekre Çayi. The site itself is located high in a side valley of the upper Dandalas Çayi (Vandalas Çayi), a tributary of the Büyük Menderes Nehri (Great Maeander River).
History
Chalcolithic finds show the area to have been settled in the fourth millennium B.C.; early Bronze Age pottery also suggests there was an Assyrian trading colony here during the Hittite period. There is a tradition that the settlement took its earliest recorded name, Ninoe, from the Assyrian King Ninos (Tukulti-Ninurta I, 1245-08 B.C.); a more likely derivation however is from Nin (Ishtar) the Old Oriental goddess of love and war, with whom Venus, the Roman goddess of love, later became identified. Nin, daughter of the moon god Sin, was sister of the sun god Shamash and wife of Anu god of heaven. Her attributes were bestowed by the Greeks upon Aphrodite, goddess not simply of beauty and love but also of the Morning and Evening Star. The town only took the name Aphrodisias in Hellenistic times, having been known previously as Lelegonpolis, Megalopolis and probably also Plarasa. Through its sanctuary it became the center of the wide-spread cult of Aphrodite, in addition to which it had famous schools of sculpture, medicine and philosophy. The pinnacle of its fortunes was reached under the Julian emperors when Aphrodisias enjoyed the patronage of Sulla, Caesar, Antony, and Augustus; it was Antony who granted sanctuary status to the temple. This is reflected in the fact that the surviving remains are almost all Roman, an exception being the town walls which are of later date (fourth century).
In the Early Christian-Byzantine era the town was first a bishopric and then the seat of the Metropolitan Bishop of Caria; it was also rechristened Stavropolis. From 540 (in the reign of Justinian), as capital of the province of that name, it became known simply as Caria (of which the name of the present village, Geyre, is a corruption). Despite having its fortifications strengthened in the latter part of the seventh century, in the eighth and ninth centuries the town succumbed to the Arabs. Its decline was accelerated by Ottoman rule until, in 1402, Tamarlane found no more than a village in the shadow of the ruined city. Excavation has proceeded in several stages, at first under the Turks in 1904/05, 1913 and 1937, then since 1961 by U.S. archeologists led by Kenan Erim.
Village: Geyre (3km/2mi northwest)
The ruins of ancient Aphrodisias lie 82km/51mi southwest of Denizli, where the heavily wooded southern foothills of Ak Dag border on the broad valley of the Kekre Çayi. The site itself is located high in a side valley of the upper Dandalas Çayi (Vandalas Çayi), a tributary of the Büyük Menderes Nehri (Great Maeander River).
History
Chalcolithic finds show the area to have been settled in the fourth millennium B.C.; early Bronze Age pottery also suggests there was an Assyrian trading colony here during the Hittite period. There is a tradition that the settlement took its earliest recorded name, Ninoe, from the Assyrian King Ninos (Tukulti-Ninurta I, 1245-08 B.C.); a more likely derivation however is from Nin (Ishtar) the Old Oriental goddess of love and war, with whom Venus, the Roman goddess of love, later became identified. Nin, daughter of the moon god Sin, was sister of the sun god Shamash and wife of Anu god of heaven. Her attributes were bestowed by the Greeks upon Aphrodite, goddess not simply of beauty and love but also of the Morning and Evening Star. The town only took the name Aphrodisias in Hellenistic times, having been known previously as Lelegonpolis, Megalopolis and probably also Plarasa. Through its sanctuary it became the center of the wide-spread cult of Aphrodite, in addition to which it had famous schools of sculpture, medicine and philosophy. The pinnacle of its fortunes was reached under the Julian emperors when Aphrodisias enjoyed the patronage of Sulla, Caesar, Antony, and Augustus; it was Antony who granted sanctuary status to the temple. This is reflected in the fact that the surviving remains are almost all Roman, an exception being the town walls which are of later date (fourth century).
In the Early Christian-Byzantine era the town was first a bishopric and then the seat of the Metropolitan Bishop of Caria; it was also rechristened Stavropolis. From 540 (in the reign of Justinian), as capital of the province of that name, it became known simply as Caria (of which the name of the present village, Geyre, is a corruption). Despite having its fortifications strengthened in the latter part of the seventh century, in the eighth and ninth centuries the town succumbed to the Arabs. Its decline was accelerated by Ottoman rule until, in 1402, Tamarlane found no more than a village in the shadow of the ruined city. Excavation has proceeded in several stages, at first under the Turks in 1904/05, 1913 and 1937, then since 1961 by U.S. archeologists led by Kenan Erim.
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Ruins
The ruins of Aphrodisias include a Roman agora with Doric and Ionic porticos, and a 6th C Byzantine Martyrs' Church. Some of the items retrieved at the site are in the museum.
Stadium
The stadium at Aphrodisias ranks as perhaps the best preserved of all those surviving from antiquity. Built around an arena 270m/295yds long and 54m/59yds wide with semi-circular ends, its 22 rows of seats could accommodate more than 30,000 spectators.
Museum
In addition to small archeological finds the museum on the site of Aphrodisias mainly houses sculptures from the celebrated Aphrodisias school - heads of muses, statues of emperors, clothed figures etc. Particularly noteworthy are the Zoilos frieze, the portrait statue of the writer Pausanias, a reproduction of Polyclitus's famous discus thrower and a copy of the statue of Aphrodite from the temple.
Propylon
The now reconstructed second century tetrapylon (pylon or gateway), originally with four rows of four columns, led to the Temple of Aphrodite at the site of Aphrodisias. The columns on the east side have spiral fluting.
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Theater
The Theater at Aphrodisias dates from the late Hellenistic period and could at one time seat 10,000 spectators.
Acropolis
The so-called "acropolis" in Aphrodisias is actually a hüyük or settlement mound. Excavation has shown it to have been inhabited in prehistoric times (from the fourth millennium B.C.).
Bishop's Palace
Excavation adjacent to the sculptors' workshop in Aphrodisias has uncovered a fifth century bishop's palace with a peristyle court with columns of blue marble, kitchen quarters with a fine dining-room, and an audience chamber with three conchas and marble intarsia floor.
Hadrian's Baths
On the west side of the agora in Aphrodisias are baths built at the time of Hadrian (117-138), with interesting basins, heating system, changing rooms and a latrine. Some fine sculptures were uncovered here during excavation.
Odeion
The best preserved structure on the site of Aphrodisias is the Roman odeion to the south of the Temple of Aphrodite. The little concert hall almost certainly doubled as a buleuterion (council chamber) and was decorated with reliefs and statues. Today the orchestra with its mosaic floor is usually flooded, leaving frogs to croak their own chorus from among the water plants.
Sculptors' Workshop
Between the Temple to Aphrodite and the odeion are the remains of a sculptor's workshop - the school of sculpture at Aphrodisias contributed greatly to the cultural splendor of the city. Marble for use locally and almost certainly for export was quarried from the slopes of Baba Dag to the east of the town.
The Walls
The best preserved sections of the 3.5km/2mi of defensive walls at Aphrodisias are found along the northeast of the site. Erected at the time of Constantine the Great (306-37) they incorporate masonry from the ancient buildings. Above the northernmost of the three gateways is an inscription which originally read "May fortune favor the glorious metropolis of Aphrodisians". In the seventh century "Aphrodisians" was changed to "Stavropolitans".
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