Tulum

The site, which is bounded on the landward side by a wall, is visible for 2mi around by virtue of its dominating position on top of 12 m (39 ft) high cliffs overlooking the white sandy beaches of the Caribbean Sea.Although in comparison with other Maya sites, it has no special architectural importance, Tulum is nevertheless, thanks to its unique position and its wall paintings, one of the most fascinating ruined towns on the Yucatán Peninsula.Not very much is known about the past history of Tulum (Maya: "fortification"). The original name of the town is thought to have been Zamá (Maya: "dawn"). The site today is ascribed to the Maya Late post-Classic period (after AD 1200), in other words the period of the "Mayanised" Toltecs. The most important buildings were probably not erected until 1450. It is true that a stela with the date AD 564 has been found in Tulum, but it is now thought that this calendar stone must have come from some other place, probably nearby Tancah.Members of a Spanish expedition under Juan de Grijalva were sailing along the coast of Yucatán and became the first Europeans to come across the fortification when they arrived here in 1518. The town appears to have been inhabited until 1544 when the Spanish conquered the north-east of Yucatán. Towards the end of the last century, during the "Caste War", Maya Indians barricaded themselves once more at Tulum. The first accurately illustrated description of the archaeological site came about as a result of the efforts of the American Stephens and his British draughtsman Catherwood, who explored Tulum in 1842. During this century, archaeologists who have been active here have included the Americans Morley and Howe from the Carnegie Institute and later the Mexican Angel Fernández as well as various other Mexican organisations.The RuinsThe relatively small area occupied by the ruins of Tulum is, like the later post-Classic Toltec-influenced Maya towns of Mayapán and Ichpaatún, surrounded on the landward side by a fortified wall. This enclosed area measures from north to south 380 m (1248 ft) and from east to west 165 m (543 ft). The stone wall was originally 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) high and on average 7 m (23 ft) wide and contained five exit points provided with stone slabs. These features lead to the conclusion that Tulum was not only a religious site but also included a dwelling area. A circular walkway protected by a parapet led along the length of the wall. At each of the two inner corners there was a small temple which was also used as a watchtower.