La Défense, Paris

Nowadays it is seen as heralding Paris's entry into the 21st century.The layout of this new business district of futuristic aspect gives effect to the two principles of urban planning, functionality and the separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic, laid down by Le Corbusier in the 30s. Motor traffic is confined to a ring road round the outside of the district and the Métro and ; RER run underground, there are expanses of open space and gardens between the skyscrapers, and the area round the Esplanade de la Défense is diversified by the multiple jets of the Agam Fountain and works of sculpture such as the "Grand Toscano" (by Igor Mitoraj, 1983) on the Plan de la Coupole. The high-rise office blocks are occupied mainly by large French and international financial, computer and oil companies - EDF, ELF, CGE, Total, Saint-Gobain, IBM, Mobil, Unilever, Hitachi, etc. - employing over 100,000 people. Thus La Défense is mainly a business district, though it also has housing for over 20,000 people, with a large shopping center (4 Temps) and numerous restaurants, cafes, cinemas, sports clubs and other leisure facilities. Cultural needs are catered for by concerts and exhibitions, including an annual Musical Festival and a national jazz competition.In the 30 years since it was established La Défense has become a show-place of contemporary architecture, with the more recent tower blocks showing greater freedom of form than the less imaginative buildings of the 60s. Between the CNIT building of 1958 and the Grande Arche lie three generations of high-rise blocks. The first generation ranged up to a height of 100m/330ft (e.g. Roussel-Hoechst); from 1970 office blocks, on the American model, reached heights of up to 200m/660ft (GAN, Fiat, Assur, Générale, etc.); while in the 80s the emphasis was on small offices with ample daylight, energy-saving building methods and new technologies (e.g. Elysée-La Défense, Les Miroirs, ELF, Descartes). Whereas the original development plan provided for some 300,000sq.m/360,000sq.yd of office space, the present figure is already over 2.2million sq.m/2.6million sq.yd; and it is expected that by 2005 this area will have been doubled and that the east-west axis will have been extended by another 3.3km/2mi. In order to strengthen the residential function of the La Défense district, however, the plan for the area to the west of the Grande Arche provides for a maximum of 600,000sq.m/720,000sq.yd of office space but twice that amount of housing accommodation. It is also planned to replace the ESSO building by 190,000sq.m/227,000sq.yd of new office space in separate groups of buildings (architects Viguier and Jodry).