Monte Albán

The centre of the ruins, rising on a man-made platform 400 m (1313 ft) above the subtropical valley of Oaxaca, is possibly Meso-America"s most impressive pre-Columbian site.History By about 6000 BC there had already been sporadic settlements in the Oaxaca valley. After the decline of San José Mogote, which had until then been the valley's most important place, Monte Albán was probably founded in the sixth century BC. In its heyday some 35,000 people inhabited the heartland which covered an area of 6.5sq.km/2.5sq.mi.The first calendar signs, mainly day-symbols from the 260-day calendar (tzolkin) hewn in stone, were probably earlier. Whether the first settlers and builders of the place of worship were Zapotecs remains unknown. The Monte Albán I period (600-200 BC) is in any case characterised by Olmec artistic features. Between 500 and 400 BC a town-like settlement evolved, from which simple tombs containing ceramics have survived as have hewn stone blocks with bas-reliefs of human figures and 260-day calendars.In the Monte Albán II period (200 BC - AD 100) the pre-Classical influence of the Maya from the south became evident. Better-quality ceramics, a completion of the calendar and large Cyclopean buildings became the style.Going into decline at the same time as the Zapotecs emerged, the ensuing phases, called Monte Albán III a (until about AD 400) and Monte Albán III b (until about AD 800), are seen as a cultural heyday. This epoch was characterised by the construction of the most important buildings in the Talud Tablero style (vertical panels alternating with sloping walls) and elaborate burial chambers with beautiful frescos and clay funeral urns in a wealth of forms. In the first half of this period stylistic elements of the advanced civilisation of Teotihuacán, which radiated from the central plateau, became apparent. Towards the end of this period the cultural influence of the Mixtecs can be detected.The decline began with the onset of the Monte Albán IV phase (AD 800-1200). No new buildings were constructed; the magnificent site began to decay, while towns such as Lambityeco, Yagul, Mitla and Zaachila were founded or extended. Monte Albán appears to have continued only to serve as a burial site for the Zapotecs and later primarily for the Mixtecs. The artistic form of ceramics and the shape and furnishing of burial chambers became simpler.The Monte Albán V phase, the last before the Spanish conquest (AD 1200-1521), was essentially determined by the Mixtecs, who built numerous tombs or cleaned out existing ones and used them again.The Aztecs, who built a military base in 1486 on the site of the present-day town of Oaxaca, influenced the development of Monte Albán little more than the Spanish who arrived in 1521. Serious studies of Monte Albán did not take place until the 19th c. and were mainly carried out by Desiré Charnay, Eduard Seler and W.H. Holmes. During the 20th c. the Mexican archaeologists Alfonso Caso and Ignacio Bernal were at the forefront of pioneering work achieved here. They were followed by Ernesto Gonzáles Licón and Marcus Winter, among others. Monte Albán was also declared a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO.