Chihuahua - Copper Canyon

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of mestizos and Whites, the Indian tribes - the Guarijio in the west, the Tarahumara in the mountainous south-west, and the Tepehuano in the south - having retreated into outlying areas following the Conquest.

Apart from the Casas Grandes archaeological zone, Chihuahua's principal pre-Columbian sites are found around Pacheco (El Willy and Cueva de la Olla) and Ciudad Madera (Huaynopa, Vallecito and Cuarenta Casas), and in the Sierra Tarahumara (Arroyo de Guaynopa). Most consist of cliff or cave dwellings proper and are frequently difficult to reach.

History

The region is known to have had a long pre-Columbian history, the details of which, though, remain largely obscure. What can be said with certainty is that the main cultural influence on the area was from the north, in particular from what is now the south-western USA. Any impact from central Mexico came relatively late and was limited in extent. Casas Grandes is known to have been a site of major cultural importance for over 700 years.

In the period immediately before the Conquest, the Nahua peoples inhabiting Chihuahua were driven back by tribes from the north, such as the Apaches. By this time the Tarahumara were probably already the dominant group.

The first Spaniard, Àvaro Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, arrived in the area in 1528. Although the 16th c. Spanish prospectors were quick to find sources of valuable ore, few of their settlements were able to withstand the unceasing attacks by Indians. Even well into the last century, the Comanches from Texas in particular were notorious for their frequent raids into Chihuahua, incursions which saw them rampaging as far south as Zacatecas. In the colonial period Chihuahua and Durango together formed part of the province of Nueva Vizcaya. Chihuahua was separated from Durango in 1823 and became a fully-fledged state the following year. From the time of Mexican Independence onwards, the history of the state and its capital are closely intertwined.

Economy

Cattle rearing (mainly beef) is by far the most important sector of Chihuahua's economy. In those areas with artificial irrigation, cereals, cotton, beans, alfalfa, fruit and vegetables are grown. Mining (iron, antimony, gold, silver, copper, lead and coal) also makes a significant contribution, as too does forestry. Refining is one of the fastest growing activities.

Sights

Apart from the state capital Chihuahua, the three neighbouring towns of Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad Camargo and Hidalgo del Parral, and the magnificent Barranca del Cobre, places of interest in Chihuahua are comparatively few.