Temple of Deir el-Bahri, Thebes

It encroached on the court of the 11th Dynasty temple, laid out in terraces and richly adorned with statues, reliefs and inscriptions, which adjoins it on the south, and incorporated architectural elements from that temple. When Tuthmosis III became sole ruler he caused all statues of the Queen to be removed from the temple and had her name and figure erased from all reliefs and inscriptions, replacing them by his own. In the reign of Amenophis IV/Akhenaten the figures and names of the god Amun were obliterated, but they were later restored, rather clumsily, during the reign of Ramesses II. In subsequent centuries the temple suffered little change. Minor alterations and additions were made by Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (146-117 B.C.), but these did not affect the main structure. After the introduction of Christianity the temple was occupied by monks, who converted it into a monastery known in Arabic as Deir el-Bahri, the Northern Monastery and defaced the pagan scenes depicted on the walls.Mariette carried out some minor excavation of the site; then in 1894-96 it was cleared of rubble and sand by Edouard Naville on behalf of the Egypt Exploration Fund; and later it was carefully investigated and made structurally safe by an expedition from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. In recent years restoration work has been carried out by Polish archeologists, and these are still in progress.In examining the wall paintings and reliefs it should be borne in mind that Queen Hatshepsut, as if to demonstrate that as ruler of Egypt she possessed all the authority of a king, had herself represented with the attributes (the beard and short apron) of a Pharaoh, normally appropriate to a man.The temple was dedicated to Amun of Thebes, but the goddess Hathor and Anubis, god of the dead, also had their own chapels,here, and there were also chambers set apart for the mortuary cult of the Queen, whose tomb was in the Valley of the Kings, on the main axis of the temple. The temple complex is laid out on three terraces rising from the plain, linked by ramps which divide it into a northern and a southern half. Along the west side of each terrace is a raised colonnade. The terraces were hewn out of the eastern slopes of the hills, with retaining walls of the finest sandstone along the sides and to the rear. The temple itself was also partly hewn from the rock.Other major discoveries have been made in the Valley of Deir el-Bahri. In 1881 a number of royal mummies, including those of Amosis I, Tuihmosis III, Sethos I and Ramesses II, were found in a shaft in a small valley south of the mortuary temple brought here during the 21st Dynasty to protect them from tomb robbers. In 1891 a mass tomb of Theban priestly families was found immediately north of the lower court (material in Alexandria and Cairo museums).